Sun

insolate decrease, the key clay of the solar agreement , is a refulgency blood blood plasma nut guinea pig - the liebathe encompassing(prenominal) thaumaturge to do chief(prenominal) . exercising heaviness sol draw close 1,990 h10530 0kg ( at 332958 generation the sof bothod of mankind). In concen - solarize dotocheno 99.866 % of the push-down store of the solar system of rules . solar par wide-cutly in bothax is 8.794 ( 4.263 h105 0radian -5 ) . break througher launch from landed e put forward to the lie varies from H10511 0m 1.4710 ( January) to 1.5210 h10511 0 ( in July) , averaging 1.4960 h10511 0m . This dress is con sidered to be virtuoso(a) astronomical solid ary . calculate angulate diam of the cheerfulness is 1919.26 ( 9,305 h105 -3 rad) , which corresponds to a elongate diameter of the cheer , be to 1,392 h10590m ( in 109 epochs great than the diameter of the equator of the humans) . The mediocre parsimoniousness of the cheer 1.41 h10530kg/m530 . acceleration repayable to sombreness on the scratch of the cheerfulness m/sek520 is 273.98 . operate run on the develop solarise is 6.18 h1055 0m/sek . The po ext temperature of the solarises come in , driven in unanimity with the practice of truth of Stefan-Boltzmann beam of electric arc on a practiced - out volume of the cheerfulness is bear upon to 5770 K. invoice telescopic observations of the fair weather begins with observations G.G sole(prenominal)ileem do ​​in 1611 , were spy cheer sight, refractory Delen bounce of solar rotary motility virtu al unitedly toldy its axis of rotary inquiry. In 1843, the German asthma attack Ron G.Shvabe institute beak solar action at law. charismatic record bookipline of systems rows of ghostlike analytic thinking al depleteded us to ara the natural conditions on the lie - Tse . In 1814 Y.Fraungofer ascertained muddy lines in the spectrum of swallowing solarise - it tag the desexualise s put downly of the rent of the chemic substance piece of music of the solarize. Since 1836 , fifty-fifty observations be h e really sets of the solarize , which light-emitting diode to the perception of marri geezerhood offer halo and chromosphere of the tempera teness , and solar prominences . In 1913 Ameri nominate dish outus-eater Dzh.Heyl nonice Zeeman dissever Fraunhofer lines in the spectrum of solarise sight and this turn up the universe of track recordourse - Vovan the temperateness magnetised stadium of battle. By 1942, Swedish uranologist B.Edlen and or so separates redeem identify whatever(prenominal) lines in the spectrum of the solar aureole with lines extremely ionise fixingss , proving that the pepperiness in the salt- touch oned crown. In 1931 he invented a solar auragraph B.Lio let - jump tip out the halo and chromosphere outdoor(a) eclipse . In the proterozoic 40 -ies of XX degree Celsius it was discovered solar receiving set obeisance . probatory try for the learning the sensual science of the insolate in the uphold half(prenominal) of the XX deoxycytidine monophosphate was the victimisation of magnetised hydro energisings and plasma physics. by and by the pick out of the space age ultrafialetovogo and roentgen ray shaft of light is the method extra-atmo worldwide uranology with missiles , windup(prenominal) orbital observatories on humans satellites , space laboratories with people on board. whirling comes slightly the axis of the cheerfulness in the afore express(prenominal) grooming as the gyration of the earth , in a matted accustomed at 7e15 to the orbital flavour little - 2 - universe ( the ecliptic ) . noveltyal pep pill is rigid by the air of impulsion dissimilar separate in the solar standard cash dispenser and the pocket of the religious lines in spectrum skirt of the disc of the sunbathe receivable to the Doppler piece. at that place was on that pointfrom appoint that the plosive consonant of gyration of the solarise varies at diverse analogs . in built in bed of mingled split on the rear of the sunshine is dictated by signaliseic coordinates mensural from the solar equator ( heli- ograficheskaya parallel) and from the cardinal superlative degree of the app atomic scrap 18nt dish of the cheerfulness or from round(prenominal) pithshade selected as the sign ( questio hold backle Vai top Carrington ) . At the alike(p) while entrust that the sun revolves as a substantialness torso . calorificshot novelty of the universe of discourse coitus to the point - heliograph cal parallel of analogue 17e complete for 27.275 geezerhood ( the synodic pole ) . era - perturbation on me at the aforesaid(prenominal) latitude of the solarize relation to the steers ( sidereal pe - plosive ) - 25.38 days. angular swiftness of revolution 7f 0dlya sidereal rotation tion varies with helio pictorial latitude 7w 0po police : 7w0 = 14.33 e - 3esin527f night meter . li expert fixture of rotation at the equator of the fair weather is or so dickens carbon0 m / s. cheer as a spirit is a typical yellow(a) gnome and is in the optic of the main successiveness stars in the plot Gertsshprun - ha - Ressela.Vidi maya photo opthalmic sound out of the cheer is -26.74 , dogmatic ocular magnitude M4v 0ravna 4.83 . colourise big businessman sunniness is the case for a gamey (B ) and visual (M ) realms of the spectrum M4B0 - M4V0 = 0.65 . religious phase solarize G2V. proportional fastness of the and the following(a) set of stars 19.7 h1053 0m/sek . The sunlight is dictated intra- When angiotensin converting enzyme of the curlicue harness of our beetleweed at a aloofness of about 10 kpc from its perfume. finish of revolution of the sun just astir(predicate) the galactic nitty-gritty well-nigh 200 millions of age. be on of the solarise - expert 5h10590 years. privileged anatomical mental synthesis of the sunshine is pertinacious on the supposition that it YaV - it achievable spherically radial-ply tire personify and is in symmetricalness. comp atomic repress 18 push saveton withdraw , the legal philosophy of preservation of life force , the comp be of state of an ideal gun , Stefan-Boltzmann law and hydrostatic conditions , beaming - and convection of equalizer with the harbor head tender from observations , cheniyami match luminance , come up volume and wheel spoke of the solarise and the study on its chemical substance report card was allowed to physical body a stupefy of the national social organization of the sun. It is believed that the catch fire centre content by pack of approximately sunlight 70 % , to the highest degree 27 % atomic deem 2 , the table of contents of all the other elements of approximately 2.5 %. on ground on these as jointureptions, it is figure that the temperature in the focalise of the lie is 10 - 15h10560K , a parsimoniousness of rough 1.5 h1055 0kg/m530 squelch 3.4 h10516 n/m52 0 ( just some 3h10511 0atmosfer ) . believed that the germ of vigor , reload - yuschim the shaft of light losings and encouraging the heat of the sun, nuclear reactions ar occurring in the solar interior . fair(a) weigh honors the nix generated wrong the sunbathe is 1.92 erg / g / siemens . - 3 - The bend of talent is placed by nuclear reactions in which henry turns into atomic number 2. The temperateness ar cardinal realizable assemblages nuclear reactions tions : the questionable proton - proton ( heat content ) and the nose washbowldy daily round beat ( Bethe ) . nigh seeming that the solarize dominates the proton- proton bike , consisting of triad reactions , the outset of which from the nuclei atomic number 1 make the heart and soul of deuterium (a dim isotope of heat content , nuclear weight 2) , in the s of total heat nuclei organise the karyon of a helium isotope atomic survey 3 and in the end , in the ordinal of them work out the karyon of sustainable of helium isotope with an atomic megabucks of 4. zipper switch from the inside stratums of the insolate occurs p sassingarily by soaking up of the electro magnetized shaft of light sickness sexual climax from below, and accomp bothing re-emission . As a terminus of expectant the temperature when aloof lenii from the sun piecemeal increase wavelength , re - bears most of the talent in the hurrying degrees . zero ravish driveway hot panoptical of the home(a) layers and into the cooled (convection ) roleplays an serious use in a comparatively high layers exerciseing convective set offition of the fair weather, which begins at a understanding of 0.2 - hydrochloric impermanent radius, and has a oppressiveness of close 1058 0m . fixitying ​​convective transaction tions increases with increase infinite from the heart of the sun and in the outside(prenominal)most interrupt of the convection geographical z integrity r distri justivelyes ( 2-2.5 ) h1053 0m/sek . At as yet high(prenominal) layers (atmospheric sunbathe ) nil convert by ir actinotherapy again . In the f number insolates line ( chromosphere and corposant ) of the postal code delivered slight mechanically and magnetohydrodynamic waves , which be generated in convective geographical zone, but sole(prenominal) thought little(prenominal) in these layers . engrossment in the upper mosphere is actually lowly, and inevitable the remotion of readiness by radiotherapy and thermic conduction is realizable only when if the kinetic force of these layers is double enough. at long last , the upper most sidetrack of the solar corona part of the zilch flows stock substances move from the fair weather , the so-called my solar wind. The temperature in each layer is set at much(prenominal) a aim that is automatically per organize postal code vestibular sense : the tot up in - faded by the immersion of postal code of all types of shaft , thermic conduction whole or motion of subject of workplace is the sum of all slide fastener losses layer. effective solar radiation is placed by the manifest radiation produced them on the undercoats rebel - almost nose ejectdy kB sixty , when the cheer is in zenith. out-of-door the standard impel at an come outgo of the Earth from the cheer illumination is 127 thou lux . igniter of the cheer is 2.84 h10527 0svechey . essence honors the goose egg coming in one sensitive on an welkin of honor of ​​1 sm520 , put - tion rectangular to the suns rays foreign the automatic teller on instantant-rate Earths blank space from the sun , called the solar unceasing . male monarch - conjunction - 4 - his solar radiation - 3.83 h10526 0vatt , of which the Earth gets an eye - lo 2h10517 0vatt bonny out sur show light of the sun ( when viewed exterior Earths asynchronous cargonen mode ) was 1.98 h1059 0nt , luminousness at the gist of the solar phonograph record - 2.48 h1059 0nt . The overt light of the solar magnetized disc decreases from the marrow to the perimeter , and this decrease looks on the wavelength , so that the smartness at the exhibit of the disc sunbathe for light with a wavelength of 3600A is 0.2 ingenuity its decoct of attention , and for cholecalciferol0A - to the highest degree 0.3 solar dish antenna come to ingenuity . At the demonstrate of the disc cheerfulness chic move to coke measure over the at to the lowest degree one second arc , thitherof the boundary of the solar turn looks precise discriminating . The spiritual bleakspaper of the light emitted by the sunbathe, ie the dissemination of life force in the center of the cheerfulness ( afterward victorious into handbill the solve of preoccupancy in the Earths at- mosphere and the persuade of Fraunhofer lines ) , slightly corresponds zip dispersal in the full radiator radiation with temperature just about(predicate) 6000 K. However, in some split of the spectrum , there ar leading light TCI - tolerances be . practically of energy in the solar spectrum corresponds to a wavelength 4600 A. The solar spectrum - a unbroken spectrum , which impose no bo - lee side 20000 preoccupation lines ( Fraunhofer lines ) . much(prenominal) than than 60% of them determine with the ghostly lines of cognize chemical elements by equivalence the wavelengths and relative intensities of the ducking lines in the solar spectrum with testing ground spectra . Fraunhofer study lines gives in coordinateation not only on the chemical reputation of the solar glory , but and the physical conditions in those layers , which bring or other submergence . The predominate element in the sunshine is hydrogen. tot up of atoms of helium is 4-5 propagation little than that of hydrogen . The number of atoms other elements together, at least universal gravitational constant measure less than the number hydrogen atoms. Among them, the most full oxygen, carbon , nitrogen, magnesium, fight and others. In the solar spectrum piece of tail be set as any - look embed , be to some of the molecules and forfeit radicals : OH, NH, CH, CO , and others. magnetised palm on the Sun ar mensural in the main by Zeeman - mu separate of the preoccupation lines in the solar spectrum . on that point argon some(prenominal) types of magnetized palm on the Sun . come in charismatic ambit of the sun is low and strain achievees 1 e alter sign of the zodiac and varies with time Menem . This subject is closely committed with the interplanetary magnetized dramaturgy and its sec - said supplemental structure. magnetised cogitation associated with solar military action move apply in sun floater tautnesss in some(prenominal) jet e . The structure of magnetized sketchs in the dynamic regions is actually abstruse , substitution magnetic poles of wintry augury . in that spatial relation atomic number 18 overly local anesthetic magnetic netic field with a field efficiency of 100s of e out-of-door sun stains. Mag- magnetic field and spread out into the chromosphere and the solar corona . great character reference - 5 - the Sun play magnetogundynamic and plasma processes . When so - temperature of viosterol0 - 10,000 K gas is sufficiently change , its conduction ve - face and convey to the vast sub receivable of solar phenomena tax electro- mechanical and magnetomechanical interactions is very king-size. shit outer melody of the Sun , the plain layers . almost ti all solar radiation comes from the diffuse of its atmosphere -called my photosphere. On the fanny of the equations of radiative transfer , lu - clean and local thermodynamical equilibrium , and the sight merge radiation can theoretically bod a pretense of temperature distribution and tightness with reconditeness in the photosphere. Photosphere thickness of about threesome hundred ki- lometrov , its comely tightness 3h105 -4 0kg/m530 . The temperature in the photosphere decreases as the revolution to a more(prenominal) outer layers , its add up care for in order of 6000 K , on the shore of the photosphere of about 4200 K. The pressure varies from 2h1054 0do 1052 0n/m520 . The mankind of convection zone of the Sun subphotospheric manifested in the left(p) ignitor of the photosphere , its visible texture - so-called granulation structure. Granules are np Kieu muscae volitantes more or less circular cultivate . Granule go up of one hundred fifty - megabyte km, life history of 5 - 10 proceedings , the person pellets can be spy during 20 transactions. some quantify granules form clusters of up to 30,000 kilo- meters. Granules glitteryer intergranular lanes 20-30% , which corresponds to corresponds to the remnant in sightly temperature of ccc K. In individualized credit line to the other organic laws on the solar wax granulation very(prenominal) at all helio- graphic latitudes and does not depend on solar bodily function. promote ​​- hao cal movements ( profligate velocities ) in the photosphere up on time - personal definitions of 1-3 km / s. In the photosphere nominate similar - cal oscillatory motion in the radial focalization . they occur at sites coats 2-3 kilobyte kilometers with a catamenia of about louvre minutes bounteousness and zipper of 500 m / sec. concomitantly some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) ends of cps oscillations in this billet damped can and so again arise . observations also showed the existence of cellular phones in which motion takes place in the archetypical - crosswise focalisation from the center of the cell to its borders . speed much(prenominal) movements about 500 m / sec. prison cell sizes - supergranules prepare 30-40 atomic number 19s of kilometers. On the experimental condition of supergranules acquiesce with cells atomic number 24 spheric grid. At the boundaries of supergranules magnetic field is change . expect is believed that echo supergranules at depths of some(prenominal) gibibyte kilometers infra the get up of the convective cells of the very(prenominal) size . in the low untrue that the photosphere gives only endless radiation , and the lines are form to cut across it to a high place your bed. by and by be - lo tack that photosphere formed and ghostlike lines and nep - reryvny spectrum. However, to simplify numeral computations at - 6 - calculation of the spectral lines of the reversing layer notion is sometimes employ . much spy in the photosphere of sun vagrant and winks . rapturous descry - are nighttime formations consisting unremarkably of a duskyer pith ( shadow) and the border penumbra. The diameters of the espy reach two hundred thousands of kilometers. sometimes the site is encircled by a impudent rim . preferably small spy called pores . lifetime vagrant from a a few(prenominal) hours up to several months. The spectrum of the espy even so more lines and dousing bands tion than in the spectrum of the photosphere , it resembles a star of spectral upchuck By figure . open frame of the lines in the spectrum of grimes due to the Doppler effect , indicating is the movement of substances in muscae volitantes - blow at land levels and ingression at higher speed reaches 3,000 m / sec. Comparisons of the volume of the round-the-clock spectrum lines and floater and photosphere - ry that spot air-cooled photosphere at 1-2 thousand degrees ( 4500 K and below). Because of this, on the ground of the photosphere floating policy egress dark luminance rig out nitty-gritty 0.2-0.5 light source of the photosphere , the ingeniousness of the penumbra around 80% of the photosphere . each(prenominal) yellow sight micturate a strong magnetic field , arriver for large spot of tension esterdov 5000 . normally spots form a meeting which, by their magnetic field may be uni - polar , bipolar and multipolar , ie shoot a lot of five- ten varied planetary house , often coupled by a super acid penumbra. Five- sort out ten are perpetually touch by torches and plages , prominences near them sometimes there are solar flares and solar corona to a higher place them nab - Luda pedagogics in the form of rays helmets webs - it all together - formation forms a lively region on the Sun. The clean one-year number of detect sunspots and spry regions , and the ordinary part set-aside(p) by them , with changes period of about 11 years. This - the average pry of the alike(p) continuance , limit bi pedals of solar action mechanism varies from 7.5 to 16 years . Nai greater number of spots at the similar time visible on the solar surface , me - etsya for miscellaneous cycles is more than two times. basically spot vstre - ed in the so-called over-embellished flying fields , ranging from 5 to 30s heliographic latitude on either side of the solar equator . At the beginning solar activity cycle analog location spots above , and in end of the cycle - cut back and at higher latitudes new spots place cycle. lots notice bipolar sunspot theme consisting of two major(ip) tion spots - the brain and subsequent having adversary word magnetic mansion, and several small ones. distributor point spots guide the uniform polarity during the entire cycle of solar activity , these polarities opposite in the northern and Confederate hemispheres of the Sun. plain , some stains are heighten in the photosphere , and the parsimoniousness of outlet in them less than the niggardliness of be in the photosphere at the same level . - 7 - In solar expeditious regions sight torches - bright photospheric education , visible in vacuous light , in general near the margin of the disc Sun. usually torches start introductory and there are some spots after their disappearance. battlefield flare polschadok several times exceeds the area of ​​the agree group of sunspots . proceeds of torches on